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这次“天地通话”,为什么画面这么清楚?

简介
6月23日,中国空间站时代的首批航天员聂海胜、刘伯明、汤洪波迎来了他们入住中国空间站后的一个“高光时刻”。上午9时35分,一场天地通话在北京与400公里外的太空上演。 ...

6月23日,中国空间站时代的首批航天员聂海胜、刘伯明、汤洪波迎来了他们入住中国空间站后的一个“高光时刻”。上午9时35分,一场天地通话在北京与400公里外的太空上演。

许多收看实时直播的观众惊喜地发现,在此次天地通话中,不仅声音与画面毫无卡顿,而且相较以往,中国空间站上多机位实时传输回来的画面与声音都更加清晰了。在北京航天飞行控制中心指挥大厅的屏幕上,标记出来的天链二号01星、天链一号03、04星三颗中继卫星,以及渭南、厦门、纳米比亚等全球多地的测控站和远望六号测量船正为这历史性的时刻默默地提供保障。

新一代“天链”首次参与载人航天任务

“得益于中继卫星的三星组网,航天员与地面之间可以进行更长时间的通话。”北京空间信息传输中心总体工程师郑勇辉告诉环球时报记者,2003年,中国第一位航天员杨利伟进入太空时,曾数次进行天地通话,但每一次都有着很严格的时间窗口限制。

据了解,在中国载人航天工程的初期,中国采取的主要还是陆海基测控的天地通讯链路,由于中国没有遍布全球的测控站和测量船,轨道高度在300~400公里的飞船,受地球曲率遮挡和视线视场影响,只有进入中国测控站(船)的视场时,才能建立飞行弧段内的短时天地通信联络,而在视场弧段外,飞船与航天员状态对于地面人员来说几乎是一无所知。

为了改变这种局面,中国的“天链一号”中继卫星系统工程正式立项,从2008年到2019年,已经有两代5颗“天链”卫星顺利进入太空,它们不断地发挥着高轨道覆盖率和高速大容量数据传输优势,为载人航天任务提供安全可靠的天基测控和数据中继服务,航天员与地面可通话的时长大大增加。

2013年,实现了三星组网的中继卫星系统,首次保障地面与航天员之间的天地通话,清晰的画质、流畅的话音……来自地面问候与期望在第一时间被传递到了天上。

“此次,我国自主研制的第二代中继卫星‘天链二号’01星首次参与载人航天任务,有了它的存在,天地之间的音视频传输速率更高了,天地通话效果和可通话时长均得到了提升,”郑勇辉称。

中国空间站天地带宽速率要优于国际空间站

据环球时报记者了解,首次参与载人航天任务的天链二号01星为我国第二代中继卫星,它有着更广覆盖的全景波束,更高速率的传输速度和更强的多目标支持能力等特点。在和天链一代接力组网,形成天地链路后,这套“天链”系统此前已成为神舟十二号载人飞船与核心舱自主快速交会对接的主用测控通信系统。

而在此次“天地通话”中,位于4万公里轨道高度的天链一号03星、04星以及天链二号01星组成的“太空基站”,在中国空间站核心舱和地面站之间建立起一条网络链路。空间站与地面之间的语音、视频、电子邮件数据,以及下行的科学实验数据都能通过这条链路实现高速传输。

航天科技集团五院空间站系统测控与通信分系统主任设计师易予生此前在接受媒体采访时曾表示,在空间站天和核心舱上,10余台有线和无线网络摄像机、以及手机、PAD、笔记本电脑等移动设备都可作为网络终端。这些终端将采集到的图像和话音数据通过有线或无线Wi-Fi的方式连接至舱内以太网交换机,再通过高速通信处理器经中继链路传输到地面。

而这条中继通信链路的下行速率是1.2G,与地面上5G通信速率相当。中继卫星地面站实时接收太空数据,然后将数据传到北京飞行控制中心,再根据不同标识进行自动分发,时延仅为秒级。

此外,在中国空间站稳定飞行之后,通过3颗中继卫星和核心舱的中继天线,天地测控覆盖率可达90%以上。而等到空间站三舱形成组合体后,通过另外两个实验舱中继天线的偏装,测控覆盖率可接近100%。中国空间站在一个半小时绕地球一圈的过程中不会再出现天地通话中断的现象。易予生补充称。

此前,中国空间站天和核心舱副总设计师柏林厚在接受环球时报记者采访时曾表示。将最新的信息技术应用在中国空间站上,是中国空间站相较于其他在轨空间站的一个独特的优势。柏林厚介绍称,中国空间站上现在应用的信息技术,天地的带宽的速率要优于国际空间站。天地高速网络的理念目前已应用到了中国空间站上。

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